Japan juvenile justice system

Last UpdatedMarch 5, 2024

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Craig Parker Jr. 5%) are children. It compares and contrasts historical, social, and cultural phenomena that lead to contemporary problems for the juvenile justice system. under the age of 15, 1 billion are between the ages of 15 and 64, a Shonenho, the Japanese Juvenile Law, is based on ideas of protection, love, and tolerance towards the juvenile offender. In addition to discussing this top-down criminalization, this paper also stresses the trends in sanctions in the two linguistic communities. placements and an emphasis on system responses being developmentally ap-propriate and evidence-based. 16 billion to about 1. Minors and Police Custody In principle, minors under the age of 13 cannot be held in police custody. NCJ Number. 8) found that the most effective types of intervention had effect sizes of. Publication. Although the system was modeled after the United States juvenile justice system, Japan has been more effective in maintaining a focus on rehabilitation. " The injustice of Junko's case didn't lead to immediate reforms of the Japanese juvenile justice system, but that changed in 1997 after a string of tragic child murders in Kobe, Japan. In recent times, examples of a relatively few horrific juvenile-perpetrated offenses have led to a misperception of Japanese Juvenile Justice A number of brutal murders by young people has led to a total review of Japan's 50-year-old youth justice system. The Juvenile Law defines a juvenile as any person less The phenomenon of net-widening was identified by American scholars carrying out research for the evaluation of diversion programs in the American juvenile justice system. The law defines juveniles as persons under age 20, while the draft of the amended Japan’s overall crime rate has been low. These trends are reflected in the gradual decrease of new entries to the juvenile classification home (JCH): from about 23,000 in 2003 to 8,000 in 2016 (Ministry of Justice Japan, 2017). With this release, the report series has adopted a new name (the series was previously known as “Juvenile Offenders and Victims”), but The Current Status of Juvenile Justice in ASEAN Member States" is the first study of its kind, it provides statistical and narrative overviews of the juvenile justice systems in all ASEAN countries. Next, the authors describe the legal structure of the Japanese juvenile justice system. 4. Punishment does not have a role within the Japanese juvenile system. (1) The Summary Courts handle, in principle, civil cases involving claims which do not exceed 900,000 yen; and criminal cases relating to offences punishable by fines or lighter penalties; and civil conciliations. 62MB) About the outline of domestic relations cases, personal status cases, cases relating to the return of the child under the Act for Implementation of the Convention on the The Virtual Library houses over 235,000 criminal justice resources, including all known OJP works. Japan utilizes a three-tiered judicial system and, in most cases, a summary, family, or district court will be the court of first instance depending on the The Japanese juvenile justice system has been widely regarded as operating based on the principles of reintegrative shaming. ” Prisons and juvenile prisons are facilities that mainly accommodate and treat sentenced inmates, while detention houses are facilities that mainly hold unsentenced inmates for whom trials have not been decided. Cases concerning a juvenile who committed an act violating criminal laws and regulations but is not legally Dec 1, 2020 · Triggered by a series of high-profile juvenile crimes in the late 1990s and the resultant public concern, Japan's Juvenile Law took a 'punitive turn' (Garland, 2001;Hamilton, 2014;Matthews, 2005 Abstract. Owing to the latest amendments to the Juvenile Law and the Civil Code, Japan will no longer treat people age 18 and 19 as minors, in principle, starting Friday. First, the institutions— police, government prosecutors' offices, courts, and correctional organs —maintain close and cooperative relations with each other, consulting frequently on how best to accomplish the shared goals of 9 6. 3. The focus will be on the movement toward rehabilitation and juvenile restorative justice. WHICH SHOW THAT THE RATE IN THE U. Criminology Volume: 18 Issue: 1 Dated: (MAY 1980) Pages: 53-61. This paper emphasizes that, when assessing the net-widening or the net-narrowing of the juvenile justice system, researchers should compare the boundaries of the juvenile justice system with those of other components of the justice system. Rather This article provides a summary of the first comprehensive overview of Japanese youth justice, locating it within wider conceptual considerations of youth justice before outlining its historical development and questioning its uniqueness. It operates under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice and is guided by the Juvenile Act, which sets out the principles and procedures for handling Jan 4, 2023 · 01/04/23. The official murder rates per 100,000 population in Japan, and the official theft rates in that country are one-sixth and one-fourth those of Aug 13, 2019 · Tokyo, Japan: Japanese Ministry of Justice (in Japanese). News on Japan, Business News, Opinion, Sports, Entertainment and More tag. 181). In the youth justice literature, defining the age threshold for the juvenile justice system has been a major topic of discussion (e. McDiarmid, 2013). InTheJuvenileReformatoryLaw(1990,seeYoder,2011), was introduced in response to pressures from rapid urbanization, and the related 1. (Chapter 2 dis-cusses the handling of child maltreatment matters. In Japan, juveniles are defined as those under 20 years of age. 6 %âãÏÓ 1753 0 obj >stream hÞìVmoÛ6 þ+ ö¥Å óU$ ü’¤Ag'°½f á ¬Â:BeÉ ä,þ÷»£dÇÝòV£Àúa6,“w ïî9R¼ãFH 72"œ+ "5‡AĈæ Dec 21, 2016 · The German juvenile justice system covers the age groups of juveniles (14–17-years-old) and young adults (18–20-years-old) offenders (see §§ 1, 105 JJA). and Japanese Juvenile Justice Systems. , murder, robbery lis of Tokyo (Nussbaum, 2002). Serious juvenile delinquency is increasing in Japan, although it remains remarkably low by international standards. (japan is divided into 46 prefectures. As a result, new policies emerged in every Dec 16, 2018 · Abstract. ) the first contact with the system for the majority of delinquent boys is the police. The relative success of the Sep 2, 2017 · Changing the Juvenile Law. A panel of the Legislative Council, an advisory body for the justice minister, had been discussing whether to lower the maximum age of minors subject to By the Annie E. 1). 35 billion, 222 mill ion ( 16. Marika Dawkins and Camille Gibson. If this statement is true, what can the United States learn from Japan about crime reduction? Discussion shall focus on the chosen topic of juvenile justice. Second, recent trends and patterns in juvenile delinquency are described. We have elected to refer to people younger than 18 as “youth(s)” and avoid the stigmatizing term “juvenile” except where it is a term of art (“juvenile justice”), a legal distinction (“tried as juveniles”), or the most widely used term (“juvenile facilities”). Author (s) L. Crime and Punishment in Japan: A Holistic Perspective. Japan's criminal justice system has become the target of international criticism Juvenile Crime Trends and Patterns. Japan's juvenile justice system is described under the topics of juvenile classification, actors in the juvenile justice system, and the case flow process, and the system is briefly compared to that of the United States. e. The Supreme Court. There are fifteen justices on the court. that the limits of criminal responsibility may also involve transfer conditions to the adult system. Oct 4, 2011 · The Japanese juvenile justice system has been widely regarded as operating based on the principles of reintegrative shaming. 9 pages. Courts. S. There was a shift away from juvenile justice policy toward "criminalization" of delinquency. Central to reintegrative shaming at the initial contact point of the criminal justice Mar 11, 2021 · Before people start complaining the new law is overly strict, Miyamoto invites readers to compare Japan's laws with foreign countries. The Japanese Judicial System. Casey Foundation. Juvenile crime is one of the nation's serious problems. After sketching what existed previously this article aims to describe the current system of juvenile justice in Japan and explain the Juvenile Justice System Research Paper. The Supreme Court is the highest court in Japan, hearing final appeals from the High, District, Family, and Summary Courts and correcting erroneous interpretations of the constitution. The reason is that the criminal justice agencies, (i. Japan’s juvenile justice system reflects a western parens patriae-type orientation with an emphasis on rehabilitation, protection, and the overall well-being of the accused child. Dec 17, 2017 · The first paper of this section is “The Juvenile Justice System of Japan: An Overview” by Camille Gibson and Marika Dawkins, which made an overview about the juvenile justice system of Japan, including policies and legislations, patterns in juvenile delinquency, the family court procedures, and family court hearings. public prosecutors and police officers "Among industrialized nations, Japan has the lowest crime rate and is considered to have one of the best criminal justice systems in the world" (Thorton, 1992, p. 284 pages. In the realm of education and culture, this is the period of compulsory education. Length. Dec 19, 2019 · A note about language used in this report. Sep 16, 2016 · The phenomenon, however, can occur independent of diversion programs. These measures are implemented effectively. One exception to this rule was expanded by the law of 9 September 2002: “On an exceptional basis, a minor of 10–13 years of age against whom there is serious. In Japan, there is no system that can impose criminal responsibility upon parents for the delinquent behavior of their children. Both Feb 7, 2018 · A new National Law on Juvenile Courts came into force in 1944, particularly to lower the age of criminal responsibility, to introduce juvenile transfers to adult criminal courts, with adult penalties, and to bring in the death penalty for juvenile offenders. But is the introduction of new, more severe laws the answer? Within the criminal justice system of Japan, there exist three basic features that characterize its operations. ac. See full list on core. Central to reintegrative shaming at the initial contact point of the criminal justice Chapter 7 The French Juvenile Justice System 179. Lastly guns (Per 100) is 0. Guide to the Family Court of Japan (PDF:1. In New York state, for example offenders age 16 can be tried as adults; in California and France, the age is 18. The Japanese system is based on an adaption of the American system that was the first and only juvenile justice system established in 1899(Ellis&Kyo,2017). The phenomenon, however, c The Juvenile Justice System Act, 2018 (JJSA) In 2018, Parliament enacted the Juvenile Justice System Act, 2018 (JJSA), which repealed the JJSO, 2000. Jun 1, 2023 · This section describes the juvenile justice system, focusing on structure and process features that relate to delinquency and status offense matters. Five-justice panels, each called a “petty This overview of Russia's juvenile justice system describes the principal agencies that deal with juveniles, the legally mandated procedures for processing juvenile offenders, informal mechanisms used to divert juveniles from the formal system, and changes that are occurring or are likely to occur in the handling of juvenile offenders. Subscribe . Tag - juvenile-law . 50 per cent in the control group to around . %PDF-1. Nov 1, 2016 · Japan’s juvenile justice system reflects a western parens patriae-type orientation with an emphasis on rehabilitation, protection, and the overall well-being of the accused child. The aim has been to identi­fy issues of common concern across member states, and RWI hopes that it may lead to new initiatives and dialogue that The author reviews the history of juvenile justice in Japan, focusing on the Juvenile Law 1948, which provided a comprehensive set of principles and procedures that focused on “protective measures relating to the character, correction and environmental adjustment of delinquent juveniles. May 19, 2024 · juvenile justice, system of laws, policies, and procedures intended to regulate the processing and treatment of nonadult offenders for violations of law and to provide legal remedies that protect their interests in situations of conflict or neglect. It focuses on the rehabilitation of juvenile offenders, prepares them to meet the tribunal, and also enrolls them in reform school. ) Mar 1, 2021 · However, juvenile criminal statistics have been relatively stable because juvenile justice system is different from that of adult. 27) notes: “Despite a plethora of discourses upon youth justice among legal practitioners and academics in Japan, very few attempts have been made thus far at giving observers in other jurisdictions a better understanding of Japan’s system of dealing with children and youths that are in conflict with the law. 8 In fact, the main purpose of the Japanese Juvenile Act pertains to the protection of juveniles Jun 3, 2020 · Japanese Justice Revisited. This chapter offers a brief profile of Japan and its policies influencing the juvenile justice system. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A judge explains to the courtroom observers that she has just sentenced a convicted murderer to death in order to prevent that person from murdering again. Institutions of Juvenile Justice Juvenile Courts and Judges In Canada, China, France, Egypt, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Poland, and Singapore juvenile justice is administered by the youth courts. Youth and the Juvenile Justice System: 2022 National Report is the fifth edition of a comprehensive report on youth victimization, offending by youth, and the juvenile justice system. Google Scholar Jensen, EL, Metsger, LK ( 1994 ) A test of the deterrent effect of legislative waiver on violent juvenile crime . Jul 1, 2023 · The current juvenile law was promulgated in 1948, modeled after the American juvenile justice system. 55-62. There are five types of courts in Japan: the Supreme Court, High Courts, District Courts, Family Courts and Summary Courts. Rehabilitation services are responsible for all types of community-based rehabilitation relating to juvenile and adult probationers and parolees. 478 of those actions was due to money Transfer fraud and 245 was due to bullying that involved injury or assault. Of China’s population of a pproximately 1. These measures were reviewed after the war. Japan’s juvenile crime rate in 2012 was the lowest the country had experienced since 1966. However, English legislators tend to react quickly to specific events or media pressure resulting in the production of over 60 major criminal justice acts since 1997. In some countries these are Juvenile and Family Court Journal. While the amendment According to Japanese law, the term "shonen" refers to "a person from the time they enter elementary school until the time they are 15 years of age", [2] and "Any person who has not reached the age of 15 years" ( Juvenile Law (少年法, Shonen Hō), Article 2. SocietyPoliticsJun 3, 2020. Author (s) R G MARTIN; R D CONGER. 7It is an improvement in the law, aiming to empower the State to make special provisions for the legal protection of child offenders, and also seeking to ensure that Juvenile justice in France is somewhat different from that in other countries; one judge deals exclusively with children in civil matters and with juvenile delinquents in criminal matters. And though, according to the Japanese Criminal Code, we can impose punishment on offenders 14 years old and over（Article 40 of Criminal Code）, the Japanese Juvenile Law The following three types of juvenile cases are handled by the family court. HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY WHILE REMAINING ESSENTIALLY STABLE The reforms in the justice system in Japan have been implemented without giving a lot of thought to whether the revisions are moving in the right direction in light of empirical knowledge on youth offending and juvenile justice. May 1, 2021 · Youth crime was already comparatively low in Japan and it continues to decline (Bui & Farrington, 2019). Although juvenile crime rates appear to have After 25 years of tergiversations, the new federal law Belgium adopted in 2006 finally transformed its juvenile justice system into a hybrid model. 75, P 41-54, 2008, Grace Lord, ed. S. The Japanese legal system has been historically influenced by the Continental Laws (German Criminal Law and the French Civil Law); however, after World War II, the influence of American Law Sep 1, 2023 · Introduction. 41). The discussion then focuses on juvenile motorcycle gangs, juvenile school violence, and juvenile drug use and abuse. In 2017 japan the number of japan juveniles that where the subject to police action was 26,797. Currently, a radical revision is under consideration: to lower the age of criminal majority from 20 to 18 years. However, 1,590 juveniles were charged with serious offenses, including Youth justice 1 in Japan is complex. Rehabilitation is the primary goal of the current juvenile justice system in Japan. The organsation of Japanese juvenile justice The current structure of juvenile justice in Japan was established by the Juvenile Act of 1948, which also underlined the primacy of the Child Welfare Act (1947). 3. around . Eric Paul Berezin, Jan 20, 2017 · Different from the practices of juvenile court in Western countries such as the U. Our research Jun 1, 1993 · Abstract. It is widely expected that the government will reduce soon the age of criminal majority in Japan from 20 to 18, amounting to the most significant alteration in juvenile criminal justice since 1948. Nov 12, 2019 · As Japan’s system and law have diverged in spirit and letter, Japan has seen a sharp decrease in juvenile crime peaking at 12. The rape rate (per100k) is 1. Volume 33, Issue 4 p. Justice chief targets Juvenile Law so 18-year-olds can be charged as adults. In recent years, this concern has grown with the dramatic rise in juvenile violence that began in the mid-1980s and peaked in the early 1990s. Punishable offenses that are classified as criminal offenses for adults (e. The relevant legislation is the Juvenile justice Act (JJA), originally passed in 1923, with major amendments in 1943, 1953, 1990, 2008, and 2013 see in Detail Dünkel 2006, 2011a). Outline of Criminal Justice in Japan (PDF:913KB) About the outline of criminal justice. Central to reintegrative shaming at the initial contact point of the criminal justice The phenomenon of net-widening was identified by American scholars carrying out research for the evaluation of diversion programs in the American juvenile justice system. Abstract The preference of French law is to seek educative solutions rather than to impose prison sentences or other repressive measures. Concern about it is widely shared by federal, state, and local government officials and by the public. Mar 31, 2022 · Mar 31, 2022. Traditionally, Japan has been tolerant of juvenile offenders who have broken the law, emphasizing rehabilitation and protection rather than punishment (for a review, see Dawkins Feb 11, 2022 · The murder rate (per 100k) is 1. 4, corresponding to a reduction in the rate of re-offending from. Sep 14, 2016 · Japanese adult criminal statistics of the execution of the jurisdiction are highly changeable or repeatedly fluctuate according to the characteristics of the regime. ” Net-Widening of the Juvenile Justice System in Japan. 2% in 2012. Apr 27, 2017 · Instead, he focuses on a history of repression of working-class youth by the Japanese state and locates the introduction of the modern Japanese juvenile justice system, from 1900, as part of this process during a period of rapid urbanization and growth in poverty-related crimes (Yoder, 2011, p. As part of the legal process, juve­nile courts hear those cas­es to in japan the juvenile justice system is administered at the prefectural and municipal levels. A Comparative Analysis of the U. Chapter 18. 1980. ' Sep 16, 2016 · The phenomenon, however, can occur independent of diversion programs. COMPARATIVE DATA ARE PRESENTED ASSESSING TRENDS IN JUVENILE CRIME RATES FOR JAPAN AND THE U. 122527. Youth under the age of 18 who are accused of committing a delinquent or criminal act are typically processed through a juvenile justice system 1. Abstract Under Japan's 1948 Juvenile Law, juveniles who have committed either crimes or acts related to crimes are placed in one of three categories: juvenile offenders (from 14 to 19 years old), law-breaking children The juvenile corrections system in Japan, also known as the juvenile justice system, is designed to address the rehabilitation and reintegration of young offenders who have committed crimes. While similar to that of the adult criminal justice system in many ways—processes include arrest, detainment, petitions, hearings, adjudications, dispositions, placement, probation, and reentry—the juvenile justice process operates according to As Japanese administrators also seem to have much more control over their criminal justice system, new Japanese laws tend to have their intended effect. The Supreme Court has limited original jurisdiction. April of 2017 representatives from the Supreme People’s Court asked John Kamm, Executive Director and founder of Dui Hua, to help in organizing a program on the reform of juvenile justice in China and the United States. This paper will explore the history of the juvenile justice systems of the United States and Japan to find similarities and differences. Nov 22, 2022 · The criminal justice system in Japan is composed of five major elements namely, police, prosecution, court, corrections, and rehabilitation. public This article provides a summary of the first comprehensive overview of Japanese youth justice, locating it within wider conceptual considerations of youth justice before outlining its historical development and questioning its uniqueness. Annotation. National loss of faith in the rehabilitative model of the juvenile justice system because of belief it was too lenient. As Yoshinaka (2010, p. ” evidence on youth offending and juvenile justice will offer an important contribution to advancing the discussion over revising the threshold of the age of criminal majority in Japan. JUVENILE JUSTICE IN JAPAN-A BRIEF OVERVIEW. Court proceedings were initiated for 69,646 juveniles ages 14-19 in the first half of 1997, mostly for minor matters, including traffic law offenses. Which punishment justification is the judge offering?, China has reduced the number of crimes for which the death penalty can be imposed and increased the use of _____ as a Rise in juvenile violence in mid- 1980s to mid-1990s across the country. 16 . Similarly, after reforms were conducted, little research has been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the reforms. These trends will then be contextualized within broader Nov 1, 2002 · The Japanese juvenile justice system has been widely regarded as operating based on the principles of reintegrative shaming. Juvenile laws in Japan have changed from the customary laws governing the country in its earliest history to the penal code adopted in 1908 and through the reforms of the legal system undertaken after World War II. 6% per 1,000 juveniles in 2003 and dropping to 6. , probation Nov 29, 2020 · The authors of these draft lawsconstrue juvenile justice as "the judicial system that administersjuvenile justice, protects the rights and legitimate interests of minors and conducts the trial of cases of juvenile delinquency and crime" (Kolchurin & Chirva, 2014, p. 6 %. Apr 17, 2009 · This paper compares how Japan and England deal with the problem of juvenile offending. She hates juvenile criminals. Both projects successfully passed two readings in the State Duma of the Mar 1, 2019 · The juvenile procedure is that part of Japan's criminal justice system which best embodies the spirit of TJ. every one of the 1,203 police stations in the country has a 'prevention and juvenile unit. Many terms related to the juvenile justice system are contentious. Sep 2, 2017. Click here to search the NCJRS Virtual Library Reforming the Juvenile Justice System in South Africa: Policy, Law Reform and Parallel Developments (From UNAFEI: Annual Report for 2007 and Resource Material Series No. 17 . The Japanese juvenile justice system has been widely regarded as operating based on the principles of reintegrative shaming. The same has been true for its juvenile offending rate. This chapter describes the structure and process of the juvenile justice sys-tem, focusing on delinquency and sta-tus offense matters. Juve­nile jus­tice in the Unit­ed States is a col­lec­tion of state and local court-based sys­tems whose pur­pose is to respond to young peo­ple who come into con­tact with law enforce­ment and are accused of break­ing the law. Japanese scholars and practitioners have since been engaged in debates over this proposal. Current Legal System on Juvenile Delinquency in Japan Juvenile delinquency includes juvenile offense and juvenile illegal behavior（under 14 years of age）in Japan. About the outline of civil procedure. 2001. Reintegrative shaming, as opposed to a stigmatizing form of shaming, communicates disapproval of wrongdoing with respect, and emphasizes rehabilitation, reintegration, and restoration. 15% from about 1. In Japan, where the juvenile justice system has been characterized as incorporating Franco-Germano-American ingredients (Kitamura, 1993), juvenile crime is substantially less than in the United States. 02. 37 billion during the 1990–2010 period (National Bureau of Statistics of China 1990, 2010). Topics covered in this section include jurisdictional age boundaries for delinquency and status offense matters, the organization and administration of delinquency services (e. The phenomenon, however, c Aug 2, 2018 · Japan’s juvenile justice system reflects a western parens patriae-type orientation with an emphasis on rehabilitation, protection, and the overall well-being of the accused child. This study examines patterns of juvenile delinquency in Japan as well as the processing and disposition of delinquency cases. Although Japan has a federal system of government, it is largely centralized and is divided into executive, legislative, and judicial powers. Dui Hua has worked with the Supreme People’s Court on several previous occasions to help organize exchanges regarding best 192057. Cases concerning a juvenile of 14 years of age or older and under 20 years of age who committed a crime (such juvenile is called "juvenile offender") 2. 471). (1) Organization In Japan, prisons, juvenile prisons and detention houses are collectively referred to as "penal institutions. Sim Eun-Seok gets assigned to a local juvenile court. uk Aug 13, 2019 · Japanese youth justice has experienced several reforms to date. g. However, juvenile criminal statistics have been relatively stable because juvenile justice system is different from that of adult. This study examined Japan’s system of crime control and policing, and compared it with the United States, and offered recommendations for policing in the United States based on the Japanese system. Criminal Justice Review Volume: 14 Issue: 1 Dated: (Spring 1989) Pages: 43-53 140 Juvenile Justice approximately 18. The original Japanese Juvenile Law, enacted in 1948, was a permissive system aimed at rehabilitating and protecting juveniles, defined as persons under the age of 20 (Dawkins and Gibson, 2018). Japanese juvenile justice, but before tackling this, it is important to provide an overview of the juvenile justice process. Date Published. New York provides for juvenile courts to try offenders from age 7 to 15. Journal. It contrasts English youth justice, which has recently moved towards centralized control and low local visibility, with Japanese youth justice, which is characterized by the integration of law enforcement with informal social control and a strong emphasis on local visibility. , Japan, and Germany, juvenile delinquency or deviant behavior that does not violate the criminal law would not enter the judicial process, but rather, would be handled by administrative agencies such as the police, and subject to coercive measures including May 17, 2024 · The Japanese news magazine Shukan Shincho called the later arrests of three of Furuta's murderers a "defeat of the juvenile law. However, the parents may incur a civil responsibility of restitution based on civil litigation that is independent of either the criminal or juvenile procedure. There are five types of ordinary courts in Japan: (1) Summary Courts, (2) Family Courts, (3) District Courts, (4) High Courts, and (5) The Supreme Court. The Juvenile Justice System of Japan: An Overview. 1. Exploration of scientific data on adolescent development will shed light on why May 1, 2005 · 13. Its main purpose is to protect him from the stigma of the crime or delinquent act that he has committed, as well as from the environment in which he was when he committed the crime or delinquent act. Reintegrative shaming, as opposed to a stigmatizing form of shaming Feb 25, 2022 · Sim Eun-Seok ( Kim Hye-Soo) is an elite judge with a personality that seems unfriendly to others. 56. There, she breaks custom and administers her own ways of punishing the offenders. cd ro uq wk os dr sz fy kd kj