Maximum spacing between reinforcing bars in column

Maximum spacing between reinforcing bars in column. 2) 2/3 of maximum size of coarse aggregate Jan 7, 2022 · 7. 61 m) spacing is required, one No. Jun 2, 2021 · This study evaluates the structural performance of reinforced concrete interior beam–column joints having high-strength screw-type steel bars mechanically connected with couplers. 2) Maximum diameter of the bar, if bars are different in diameter. In cases where additional bars are required in localized areas that are heavily loaded, these bars should be spaced as a multiple or sub-multiple of the spacing for the typical flexural reinforcement. Minimum vertical spacing: We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. size. For spacing and concrete cover, a unit of bundled bars must be treated as a single bar with an area equivalent to the total area of all bars in the bundle. 2 (8) Beams: the maximum transverse spacing of the legs in a series of shear links s t,max; 9. 8 – 10. Where 2 layers are specified, this should be distributed equally to We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Jan 5, 2021 · Spacing requirements for columns. Jun 11, 2015 · In the section of the ACI 318 code dealing with details of reinforcement for tied columns, it says: "Ties shall be arranged such that every corner and alternate longitudinal bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of a tie with an included angle of not more than 135 deg and no bar shall be farther than 6 in. 3. 2. Hence, in the above given example spacing for 16 mm dia bar has been calculated, thus if 16 Also, the hooks at both ends of a crosstie need to be 135-deg. Longitudinal Bar Spacing. For longitudinal reinforcement in columns, pedestals, struts, and boundary elements in walls, clear spacing between bars shall be at least the greatest of: a) 40 mm; b) 1𝑑$; c) 4/3 Maximum Agreggate Size (M. Dec 5, 2022 · Minimum Area or Reinforcement. (b) Horizontal reinforcement at least 0. a 1 = 36 mm ≈ a = 37 mm ⇒ we can put 5 Φ 16 in one row. The diameter of larger bar, if diameters are not equal. Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement Area. This assumes that the concrete will contain aggregate that is no more than three-fourths of these distances; otherwise the aggregate size or bar Maximum Column Reinforcement According to American Concrete Institute (ACI 318 – 19) Reinforcement in column should be in no case greater then 8% of the cross sectional area of concrete section. 5. 1 Wall Reinforcements of SS and NS (a) Minimum Reinforcement in SS or NS walls - refer to TABLE 3. (clause 34. The maximum spacing between stirrups is smallest of the following provided that (V s <0. Additional Information. 60% of the lesser dimension of the column. For design purposes, the columns are separated into two categories: short columns and slender columns. A lower value may, however, be needed to satisfy the crack width limits according to the maximum bar size or spacing (see 7. Equivalent diameters of bundled bars are given in Table 3-7. 4 — Clear distance limitation between bars shall. s / A. 1 Overview. 5 m. JAE (Structural) 1 Sep 09 14:30. 3 (1)) should not exceed: 12 times the minimum diameter of the longitudinal bars. (cl 26. All spacing of reinforcement specified hereinafter shall refer to maximum spacing of reinforcement in both directions. The length of a lap splice varies with concrete strength, type of concrete, the yield strength (grade) of the reinforcing bars, bar size, bar spacing, concrete cover, and the amount of ties or stirrups. 01) and the maximum value of 0. In order to have properly anchored reinforcement, it is mandatory for rebars to be surrounded by concrete. 14. . 4% of c/s; In plain concrete wall, transverse steel is not required; In RC wall, transverse steel is not required (not less than 0. 3 Detailing the Longitudinal Reinforcement. 407. Trench mesh is designated in terms of the number of longitudinal bars and the diameter of each bar. The size of the stirrups should be chosen to avoid a closer spacing. 2 [see commentary, Figure R606. Figure 3. Lower reinforcement grade yields consistently lower factored moment capacity at all axial load levels. It is undesirable to space vertical stirrups closer than about 100 mm. Grade 75 reinforcing bar is available, though in limited quantities and at greater cost. Answer / mitch. 4 times longitudinal bar diameter; 1. 24-foot joint spacing. CRSI’s Reinforcement Anchorage and Splices includes tables of required lap splice lengths based on these variables. 20 square inch (129 mm 2) in cross-sectional area shall be provided: 1. 7 NSCP 2010 for Spacing limits for reinforcement. But according to the UK national annex, the minimum size of reinforcement φ min should be 12 mm. 5 — In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than three times the wall or slab thickness, nor farther apart than 18 in. σ s is the absolute value of the maximum stress permitted in the reinforcement immediately after formation of the crack. Where two No. 3) 5 mm + maximum size of coarse aggregate. ) = 200. (2) The smallest size of main reinforcements should be 8 mm. Longitudinal bars: minimum for square columns is 4. 3 Splices of Longitudinal Reinforcement. + 5mm. A lap is when two pieces of reinforcing bar (rebar) are overlapped to create a continuous line of rebar. TABLE A STANDARD REINFORCING BAR PROPERTIES 3. In accordance with clauses 10. 4. Likewise, the maximum distance between two column got to be 7. The maximum spacing of transverse reinforcement (i. 2 (Figure 1). 10 SP 63. 4 (M#13) vertical reinforcing bar at 2 ft (0. 11(3) and Section R606. 4 Reinforcing Bar Guidelines Grade 60 is the standard strength reinforcing bar to be used on Department projects. also 3. splice and adjacent splices or bars. 15% for mild steel bar. 45. Minimum spacing of 2- bars in column, beam, slab. ACI does not differentiate contact and noncontact lap splices EXCEPT for a single provision related to bar spacing in flexural members, as we have been discussing: (ACI 318-11) 12. strength of a column where less than 8 longitudinal bars are provided; this must be considered in the design. no less than #4 with #11 and greater NSCP-2015 column. May 22, 2021 · The minimum dimension of a column shall not be less than 20 d b, where d b is diameter of the largest diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bar in the beam passing through or anchoring into the column at the joint. 3 — Bars spliced by noncontact lap splices All diameters of reinforcement specified hereinafter shall refer to minimum fabric mesh or bar diameters. 3. For large scale, civil engineering projects such as bridge or tunnel construction, the higher diameter rebar would be used, particularly where long spans are needed. Bar spacing: Preferred minimum spacing • Main bars mm (bars 40mm size and greater: 100mm) • Pairs of bars • mm When considering the minimum spacing of bars of mm size or greater, allowance must be made for lapping of bars. To ensure proper anchoring of the reinforcement, the gap should be at least equal to the maximum coarse aggregate dimension plus an additional margin of 5 mm. 2 (1) Columns: the minimum diameter of longitudinal reinforcement Φ min Oct 1, 2023 · The minimum spacing of column ties (reinforcement bars) depends on building codes and structural design. Here, we have to consider 30mm. 96 sq mm. 1 Reinforcing Bar Material . Determining and Detailing the Required Reinforcement. 33(fc') 0. Figure 2. 75 times the effective depth of the section for vertical stirrups, and for inclined stirrups at 45 degrees, it should not Nov 4, 2023 · The gap between rebar and concrete refers to the minimum spacing required between two reinforcement bars when surrounded by concrete. 4%) Maximum spacing of bars is 450mm or 3t, whichever lesser The Art of Construction and The Design 2. 0015h f l. For RC wall, minimum vertical reinforcement is 0. in reinforced concrete beams and slabs: no more than 200 mm – with a cross-sectional height h≤150 mm; Feb 21, 2024 · The spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not exceed 300 mm. The minimum spacing is the maximum of 1 in, a bar diameter, or 1. maximum spacing is 6” Ties: no less than #3 with #10 or less longitudinal steel. 002A c. 5. 1 (3) Solid slabs: the maximum spacing of flexural reinforcement bars s max,slabs; 9. where, f ctm to be obtained from Table 3. 7. Typically, ties are spaced at intervals between 6 and 18 inches vertically along the height of the column. minimum for round columns is 6. Minimum Spacing between Stirrups . 2 Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio . For Greece, the maximum aggregate grains dimension for usual concrete, is 32 mm and for self compacting concrete is 16 mm. Clearance between bars: a 1 = 14,4 / 4 = 3,6 cm = 36 mm. Otherwise, possible solutions are: reduce the maximum size of aggregate. 4 Bars in Rectangular and 6 bars in circular Steps followed in column design by using Reinforced concrete column. Oct 7, 2023 · The maximum spacing of bars in a two-way slab depends on design codes and requirements but is typically around 18 to 24 inches for main reinforcement bars. Tension Bars. 2 Minimum spacing between reinforcement bars The distance among reinforcement bars must be such to allow the concrete’s gravel to pass between them. ] Oct 5, 2014 · All column bars are inside of ties or spirals, which should provide adequate confinement where the concrete does not. Column Reinforcing Tied Columns The ties restrain the expansion of the core concrete and the outward buckling of the longitudinal bars. In one-way reinforced footing; two-way reinforced square footing; and long direction of two way rectangular footing, the-reinforcement extending in each direction shall are not considered as bundled bars). 1 — The minimum clear spacing between parallel. The minimum dimension of column shall be 300 mm. 13330. 6 (M#19) reinforcing bar shall be permitted to be substituted. According to ACI-318/5 [3. 75mm allowing Mar 31, 2023 · 1) Diameter of the bar, If the bars are equal in diameter. 1. Transverse Reinforcement. 2 Spacing of Longitudinal Bars. , the minimum spacing will be = [25mm. In the figure, b d is the diameter of the longitudinal bars and d agg is the nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate in the mix. 26. The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer shall be db (diameter of bar) but not less than 25mm. ] = 30mm. ' = 1536 sq mm. Column with Gr 100 reinforcement reaches the tension-controlled limit [5N100] at axial tension loads. 2018), the maximum distance between the axes of the rods of longitudinal reinforcement is: 1. Splice arrangement for bottom bars in a reinforced concrete beam: a) All bottom bars spliced over the column; b) Separate splice bars provided in the beam-column joints. Smaller of the following: 1) 15 mm. These spacing requirements are easily met in slabs and columns. Total maximum area of vertical reinforcement, A s,max = ρ v,lim,max *A cg = 0. For example, SL62 consists of 6 mm bar at 200 mm spacings. The distance between two reinforced columns ranges between 3-4 m for small buildings and 6-9 m for sizable facilities where large columns and free spaces are required. Refer to CL18. Minimum clear spacing between the longitudinal bars is given in ACI 318 Section 25. 4 times maximum size of coarse aggregate; 30 mm; If user reinforcement is specified, all the bars are considered equally spaced over the reinforced region. pdf) or read online for free. 2(e):- Dec 16, 2023 · The maximum diameter of a bar used in reinforced concrete columns is specified to control the spacing between bars and to avoid excessive congestion of reinforcement. . as the minimum horizontal spacing. 2 percent of the cross-sectional area of the wall, and the reinforcing should be distributed as shown in Table R606. 1 — Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit shall be limited to four in any one bundle. add another layer of bars. If it’s constructed properly, the concrete protects the reinforcing bar from corrosion. So, we have to consider 25mm. Maximum Spacing. r. A slab with this joint spacing may be reinforced with bars (ASTM A 615, A 616, A 617, or A 706) or WWF (ASTM A 185 or A 497 Jun 30, 2015 · The clear space provided between parallel reinforcing bars should not be greater than the maximum value specified by the code. In the case of beams, we get the maximum allowable values from table 15 of the code. Area of steel in column should be less then or equal to 8% of Gross area of the section. See. ) Minimum Number of Longitudinal Reinforcement. Assume a reinforcement ratio between the minimum value of (0. Bar support heights shall be detailed to the nearest ¼ inch increment and shown to the nearest ¼ inch (1 mm). 2 m) spacing shall be permitted to be substituted. For ordinary structures, a distance of 5 m is appropriate, and the maximum span is 7. Thus according to ACI 318 – 19 maximum reinforcement in Apr 11, 2020 · Main bars. 12. The controlling values are: Total minimum area of vertical reinforcement, A s,min = ρ v,lim,min *A cg. 0013b t d. 8% nor more than 6% of the gross cross-sectional area of the column. " 5. Bar Supports. 1N60 2N60 3N60 4N60 5N60 6N60 7N60 1N80 The continuous vertical bar required beside an opening is permitted to substitute for one of the two No. Continuously at structurally connected roof and floor levels and at the top of walls. try with smaller bar diameter. Column spacings are 48 feet center to center. 3 ]. Steel reinforcing bars for all bridge substructure elements (precast and cast-in-place) shall be in accordance with Section 5. 785 x 16^2 = 200. 04. At a distance greater than the larger dimension of the column above or below a beam or slab these Jan 16, 2022 · Here, the maximum value in all three conditions is 25mm. BS 8110-97 : The minimum horizontal spacing or distance between bars should not be less than h a g g + 5 mm, and vertical spacing should not be less than 2 3 h a g g (maximum size of We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. A s min ≥ 0. Jan 6, 2022 · Minimum of 4 Bars are used in Rectangular column and 6 Bars in circular column; Transverse reinforcement (pitch not greater than) Least lateral dimensions. 5 shows cross-sections of the four reinforcement layouts: (8)-#10 with equal to 2% and 4% and (16)-#10 with equal to 2% and 4%. Jan 1, 1992 · Total number of clear spaces between bars: n = 4. (3) The minimum area of reinforcement should 425. 5 meters (or 25 feet). 1 Minimum Number of Longitudinal Bars. Compression Reinforcement. Mar 17, 2018 · Minimum distance between individual bars - The horizontal distance between 2 parallel main reinforcement bars shall usually be not less than the greater of the following. Typically for residential projects, the appropriate distance between two column have to be 5 meters (or 16 feet), while minimum ought to be 3 meters (or 10 feet). 16d (d is small longitudinal bar diameter) 300 mm. 2 gives the maximum centre to centre spacing of reo bars as being lesser of Maximum and Minimum spacing between reinforcement bars (AS3600) - AS/NZS (au/nz) Code Issues - Eng-Tips Dec 26, 2020 · Link Diameter: at least one quarter the size of larges compression bar or 6mm, whichever grater. Columns shall preferably have width-to-depth ratio of more than 0. 6 (M#19) reinforcing bar at a 4 ft (1. 26 [ f ctm / f yk] b t d > 0. Oct 15, 2021 · ACI 318-14 (and prior) restricted clear spacing between headed bars to 4 bar diameters (db) and greater. If we use a coarse aggregate of 25mm. The limitation of aggregate maximum size is to ensure the smooth placing of concrete. Construction joints also have this spacing for strip placement of the concrete. 24 No. Maximum Spacing between Stirrups . 12% for HYSD bars and 0. Spacing required = Area of 1 bar x 1000 / (Ast req. neighbouring reinforcing bar c min = Minimum concrete cover c max = Maximum between clear concrete cover and half of the clear spacing from the closest neighbouring reinforcing bar C d = Design limit displacement of resistance corresponding to it e N = Eccentricity of the resulting tension load w. V us = shear force resisted by the shear reinforcement. 1 of Eurocode 2. The installation of the right rebar size is critical for the success of the overall project. Their contribution, and others, supported the idea that post-installed reinforcing bars could be evaluated using the rebar development length provision (RDLP) of ACI 318 that has been widely used in its Reinforcement types referenced in this Part are described as follows: Square mesh is designated in terms of the diameter of each bar and the spacing of consecutive bars. Sep 1, 2009 · 7. A reinforced concrete column is a structural member designed to carry compressive loads, composed of concrete with an embedded steel frame to provide reinforcement. (greater value) as the minimum horizontal spacing. 3-2). All the column reinforcements should have at least one link passing them. e. Non-contact lap spliced bars should not be spaced too widely apart, permitting a zigzag crack in the concrete between bars. 5 mm more than the nominal maximum size of aggregate. 5 bars required by 14. In the absence of high-strength concrete or high axial loading, the maximum spacing goes up to 14 inches. In terms of clear spacing, the change is from 4 db to 2 db, representing a 50 percent reduction. 410. 6. The clear distance between bars is limited to the maximum of: 1. Fig. The Minimum reinforcement for the column should be at least 0. The minimum spacing s Ø,min between two parallel bars, horizontally or vertically aligned, should be: s Ø,min =max{k 1 × max(Ø 1 , Ø 2 ), (d g +k 2 ), 20mm} , where d g is the A 10 mm diameter or greater rebar is best for footers and foundations to minimize settling. Important point: Minimum Vertical spacing between bars is given by. 08*A cg. Show the location and height of beam bolsters in deck slab overhangs as shown in Figures 6-20 and 6-22. The amount of concrete cover over the reinforcing bar is very important. Minimum Bar Spacing. 4 Design and Detailing the Transverse Reinforcement. apply also to the clear distance between a contact lap. That is if a Bar Spacing . Use of Grade 75 reinforcing bars should be limited to areas of high tensile stresses where the number Aug 27, 2023 · The maximum reinforcement for the column should not exceed 6% of the gross cross-sectional area of the column. 25 d. 1 are applied. 33 times the maximum aggregate size. [see sec. The maximum longitudinal bar spacing can be calculated on the basis of the clear cover spacing and the diameter of both the tie and longitudinal bars. 83 mm. 32 Yes. In case of T-Beams or Gamma-Beams, the effective slab can be calculated as follows: 9. 12% and maximum spacing specified is 3 times the effective depth or 450mm whichever is less. bars in a layer shall be db, but not less than 1 in. Spacing between Stirrups in the Column: The maximum spacing in a column should not exceed 300mm or 12′′, and the minimum should not be less than 100mm or 4′′, according to standard The spacing between the reinforcement bars must be adequate in order for the concrete to be casted and compacted successfully and develop sufficient coherence. here “l” is the span. Maximum spacing of reinforcement bars closest to the tension face shall not exceed the following; s = 15 (40,000/f s ) - 2. Effective width b eff. Which slab is better, one-way or two-way? The choice between one-way and two-way slabs depends on the specific structural requirements and loadings of a project. Diameter of the bar not less than; 0. Contact splices The maximum spacing of reinforcement shall be 24 inches (610 mm) for all other masonry. The minimum reinforcement in footing slab specified by the code is 0. Chapter 5. Home - Hilti Corporation Apr 12, 2022 · A st = Total area of nonprestressed longitudinal reinforcement including bars or steel shapes, and excluding prestressing reinforcement. pdf - Free download as PDF File (. Types of bar supports range from as simple as plain concrete blocks to deformations, see Section 10-2. A g - Gross cross-section. Bar supports are used to hold the reinforcing bars in place to attain the proper depth of cover. How far apart must rebars normally be spaced? There should be a clear distance at least equal to the bar diameter between parallel bars but never less than one inch. 3 (2)) overall column dimensions and bar spacing between analyses. the centre of gravity of the tension For plain concrete wall, minimum vertical steel is 0. Lap Splices. 4 (M#13) reinforcing bars are required in bond beams, one No. The usual stirrup spacing is 6′′ to 7′′ (150–180mm) inside the center and 4′′ to 5′′ (100–125mm) just at the column’s end support. According to cl. 7. All transverse reinforcing bars are #4 with varying spacing along the height of the It is recommended that a 3-inch spacing be provided between the bars to facilitate concrete placement. ACI 318-19 is updated and now allows center-to-center spacing between headed rebar of 3 db. 5 of IS 456: 2000, the maximum distance between shear reinforcement bars, when measured along the member’s axis, should not exceed 0. The sum of horizontal and vertical reinforcement must be at least 0. The provisions of CSA A23. Minimum bar spacings are specified to allow proper consolidation of concrete around the reinforcement. For non-prestressed columns and for prestressed columns with average Jun 30, 2015 · The clear space provided between parallel reinforcing bars should not be greater than the maximum value specified by the code. where A cg = Gross area of the concrete wall. A maximum of four bars may be bundled (See Fig. The length of the lap varies depend on concrete strength, the rebar grade, size, and spacing. Express steel area in terms of reinforcement ratio times the gross area of the column cross-section using the expression (ρ g =A s /A s ). 2], the nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate shall not be larger than: 3/4 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundles of bars, individual tendons, bundled tendons, or ducts. 5-1. Minimum Distance Between Individual Reinforcement Bars As Per IS : 456 - 2000Start Your COPs Training NOWJoin this Training and get started:- https://civilg and bars. 2012 (SP 63. As importantly or perhaps more importantly, the center-to-center spacing between laterally supported bars is restricted to a short 8 inches. A slab with this joint spacing may be reinforced with bars (ASTM A 615, A 616, A 617, or A 706) or WWF (ASTM A 185 or A 497 The minimum spacing between two reinforcement bars should be at least equal to the maximum aggregate grain dimension with a margin of 5 mm. Dia of Bar to be provided 'd' = 16 mm (round bar) Area of cross-section of 1 bar = 0. Column is compressive member of concrete fibre which is load bearing structure. A total of six full-scale specimens were cast and subjected to repeated cyclic lateral loads. Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two or more layers, bars in the upper layers shall be place directly above the bars in the bottom layers with clear spacing between the layers not leass than 1 in. 8% of the gross cross-sectional area of the column. 5 d b and 4 3 d a g g (maximum size of coarse aggregate). g). B. No rebar in the column should be further than 150mm from the restraining bar. The maximum reinforcement ratio shall be 0. Feb 9, 2020 · In AS3600 2018 I notice that Clause 8. Each example is for an 8-inch-thick in-dustrial floor slab. Nov 12, 2021 · 2. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Beam stirrup configurations: a) Three one-piece, closed stirrups distributed across the beam width; b) Alternate stirrup configuration with open stirrups and Oct 29, 2021 · Longitudinal reinforcement in a column: Spacing: The spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not exceed 300 mm. links) in columns (Clause 9. In terms of center-to-center spacing, the change is Jan 10, 2018 · Area of Steel 'Ast req. High-strength screw-type reinforcing bars, with a yield strength of 690 MPa, were used as longitudinal reinforcement of Nov 4, 2020 · Figure 1. Congestion can lead to inadequate concrete placement, poor compaction, and air voids, which can compromise the strength and durability of the column. t. Link Spacing: Maximum spacing shall be 12 times the smallest compression bar. 08, desirably not greater than 0. A. h ≤ 4. The minimum diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bars: Mar 22, 2023 · d = effective depth of the beam or column. Detail a definitive spacing for bar supports rather than a “maximum” spacing. It should be known that any distance between two columns can Mar 20, 2021 · ACI does require bars on the sides for the earthquake resistance clauses, but it's phrased more around the need to provide an additional column bar to limit the spacing of ties for confinement across the section to a max spacing of 350mm. 4. 2 (7) Beams: the maximum longitudinal spacing of bent-up bars s b,max; 9. The minimum diameter of a bar that should be used as longitudinal reinforcement is 12mm. 785 x d^2 = 0. clear on each side along the tie from such a laterally supported bar. Preferred maximum spacing • Compression bars mm, provided that all main bars in the compression zone are within Their research showed that post-installed reinforcing bars (PIRBs) behave in structurally similar ways to cast-in-place reinforcing bars. Jun 1, 1975 · By Concrete Construction Staff. 2. Where 2 layers are specified, this should be distributed equally to 32 Yes. Reinforcement Bar Spacing. 6 — Spacing limits for reinforcement. 5 mm. This table gives the clear distance between the parallel reinforcement bars or groups near the tension face of the beam. Percentage of steel: The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be not less than 0. 5 b w d): Dec 23, 2023 · The minimum spacing between reinforcement for column or vertical structural members should be at least 1. 96 x 1000 / 1536 = 130. 3). The diameter of the bar, if diameters are equal. 1. This may be taken as the yield strength of the reinforcement, f yk. (1) The longest side of the column (h) should not be greater than 4 times the shortest side (b), otherwise it is a wall. Minimum Reinforcement Cover 15. The reinforcement ratio is the steel area divided by the gross area of the section (A. Column with Gr 100 reinforcement reaches the pure bending [6N100] at the transition zone. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. 5 c c Where one No. Use of Grade 520 reinforcing bars should be limited to areas of high tensile stresses where the number of Grade 420 reinforcing bars results in insufficient spacing between the bars for concrete placement. Grade 520 reinforcing bar is available, though in limited quantities and at greater cost. 5 b w d): Grade 520 reinforcing bar is available, though in limited quantities and at greater cost. 5, while the minimum is 2. sz az xh fk ny xr tr nk uo gf